When is Burkholderia cepacia complex truly eradicated in adults with cystic fibrosis? A 20-year follow up study

Background: Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current UK guidance recommends segregation of people with CF according to infection status. To date there is no universally agreed consensus on the number of negative samples or time interval since last isolation of BCC for eradication to be deemed successful. Methods: All cases of new BCC isolation at Manchester Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre were followed-up between May 2002–May 2022. The number of subsequent positive and negative sputum samples for BCC were recorded, as well as eradication treatment received. Eradication was deemed successful if there were ≥3 negative sputum samples and no further positive sputum samples for the same species and strain ≥12 months until the end of follow-up. Results: Of 46 new BCC isolation, 25 were successfully eradicated and 21 resulted in chronic infection. 5 (16.7%) cases with exclusively negative sputum samples 6–12 months after initial isolation had subsequent samples that were culture-positive for BCC and 3 (10.7%) cases with exclusively negative sputum samples after 12–24 months had subsequent culture-positive samples. Cases where BCC was eradicated had a greater median number of days of eradication treatment (42, IQR 21–63) compared to those in whom BCC isolation resulted in chronic infection (28, IQR 14–42), p = 0.04. Conclusions: A cautious approach to segregation should be maintained after new isolation of BCC in CF, as some individuals with ≥3 negative samples 12–24 months after initial isolation had subsequent sputum samples culture-positive for BCC.