Trattamenti locali per la gestione dell’osteite alveolare (alveolite secca): una revisione Cochrane

BACKGROUND: Alveolar osteitis (dry socket) is a complication of dental extractions more often involving mandibular molar teeth. It is associated with severe pain developing 2 to 3 days post-operatively with or without halitosis, a socket that may be partially or totally devoid of a blood clot, and increased postoperative visits. This is an update of the Cochrane Review first published in 2012. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of local interventions used for the prevention and treatment of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) following tooth extraction. 

SEARCH METHODS: An information specialist searched four bibliographic databases up to 28 September 2021 and used additional search methods to identify published, unpublished, and ongoing studies. 

SELECTION CRITERIA AND DATA ANALYSIS: Randomised controlled trials of adults over 18 years of age, who were having permanent teeth extracted or who had developed dry socket post-extraction, were included. Studies with any type of local intervention used for the prevention or treatment of dry socket, compared to a different local intervention, placebo or no treatment were considered. Studies reporting on systemic use of anti-biotics or the use of surgical techniques were excluded, because these interventions are evaluated in separate Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane statistical guidelines were followed, reporting dichotomous outcomes as risk ratios (RR) and calculated 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects models. For some of the split-mouth studies with sparse data, it was not possible to calculate RR, so the exact odds ratio (OR) was calculated. GRADE was used to assess the certainty of the body of evidence. 

MAIN RESULTS: 49 trials with 6771 participants were included; 39 trials (with 6219 participants) investigated prevention of dry socket and 10 studies (with 552 participants) looked at the treatment of dry socket. 16 studies were at high risk of bias, 30 studies at unclear risk of bias, and 3 studies at low risk of bias. Below are the results relating to prevention. Chlorhexidine in the prevention of dry socket-When compared to placebo, rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthrinses (0.12% and 0.2% concentrations) both before and 24 hours after extraction(s) substantially reduced the risk of developing dry socket with an OR of 0.38 (moderate-certainty evidence). The prevalence of dry socket varies from 1% to 5% in routine dental extractions to upwards of 30% in surgically extracted third molars. The number of patients needed to be treated (NNT) with chlorhexidine rinse to prevent one patient having dry socket was 162, 33 and 7 for control prevalence of dry socket of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.30, respectively. Compared to placebo, placing chlorhexidine gel intrasocket after extractions reduced the odds of developing a dry socket by 58% with an OR of 0.44 (moderate-certainty evidence). The NNT with chlorhexidine gel (0.2%) to prevent one patient developing dry socket was 180, 37 e 7 for control prevalence of dry socket of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.30, respectively. Compared to chlorhexidine rinse (0.12%), placing chlorhexidine gel (0.2%) intrasocket after extractions was not superior in reducing the risk of dry socket (RR 0.74, low-certainty evidence). The present review found some evidence for the association of mi-nor adverse reactions with use of 0.12%, 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinses (alteration in taste, staining of teeth, stomatitis) though most studies were not designed explicitly to detect the presence of hypersensitivity reactions to mouthwash as part of the study protocol. No adverse events were reported in relation to the use of 0.2% chlorhexidine gel placed directly into a socket. Platelet rich plasma in the pre-vention of dry socket-Compared to placebo, placing platelet rich plasma after extractions was not superior in reducing the risk of having a dry socket (RR 0.51, very low-certainty evidence). Other-A further 21 interventions for the treatment of dry socket were evaluated in single studies, providing insufficient evidence to determine their effects. Below are the results relating to the treatment. Zinc oxide eugenol versus Alvogyl in the treatment of dry socket-Two studies, with 80 participants, showed that Alvogyl (old formula-tion) is more effective than zinc oxide eugenol at reducing pain at day 7 (mean difference-MD-1.40, very low-certainty evidence). Other-A further nine interventions for the treatment of dry socket were evaluated in single studies, providing insufficient evidence to determine their effects. 

AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS: Tooth extractions are generally undertaken by dentists for a variety of reasons, however, all but five studies included in the present review included participants undergoing extraction of third molars, most of which were undertaken by oral surgeons. There is moderate-certainty evidence that rinsing with chlorhexidine (0.12% and 0.2%) or placing chlorhexidine gel (0.2%) in the sockets of extracted teeth, probably results in a reduction in dry socket. There was insufficient evidence to determine the effects of the other 21 preventative interventions each evaluated in single studies. There was limited evidence of very low certainty that Alvogyl (old formulation) may reduce pain at day 7 in patients with dry socket when compared to zinc oxide eugenol.