Abstract
A number of pathways have evolved to overcome cellular stress and to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis. Such stressors can be physiological or externally derived. Many of these pathways are governed by transcription factor activation, meaning that a key regulatory event is the transcription of specific downstream genes. These pathways are usually quickly turned on and off and are tightly controlled via specific regulators and negative feedback loops. Stress response pathways are key to toxicological outcomes and their activation can be used to characterize chemical reactivity. Here we describe some of the major stress response pathways and their implications for toxicological assessment in vitro.
Original language | English |
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Title of host publication | Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology |
Publisher | Humana Press Inc. |
Pages | 433-458 |
Number of pages | 26 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2014 |
Publication series
Name | Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology |
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Volume | 2014 |
ISSN (Print) | 1557-2153 |
ISSN (Electronic) | 1940-6053 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014.
Keywords
- ATF4
- Energy stress response
- FOXO
- HIF-1 alpha
- Inflammation
- Metal-responsive transcription factor-1
- Nrf2
- Nuclear receptors
- p53
- Stress response pathways
- Transcription factor
- Unfolded protein response