Risk factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease

Ian Simms*, J. M. Stephenson, H. Mallinson, R. W. Peeling, K. Thomas, R. Gokhale, P. A. Rogers, P. Hay, P. Oakeshott, J. Hopwood, H. Birley, M. Hernon

*Corresponding author for this work

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

    71 Citations (Scopus)

    Abstract

    Objective: To investigate factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Methods: A case-control study was used to investigate demographic and behavioural factors, and causative agents associated with PID. Results: A total of 381 participants were recruited: 140 patients, and 105 and 136 controls in tubal ligation and general practice groups, respectively. When compared with a PID-free tubal ligation control group, increased risk of PID was associated with: age <25 years; age at first sexual intercourse <20 years; non-white ethnicity; not having had children; a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease; and exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis. When compared with a general practice control group, increased risk was associated with: age <25 years; age at first sexual intercourse <15 years; lower socioeconomic status; being single; adverse pregnancy outcome; a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease; and exposure to C trachomatis. Of the cases, 64% were not associated with any of the infectious agents measured in this study (idiopathic). Conclusions: A high proportion of cases were idiopathic. PID control strategies, which currently focus on chlamydial screening, have to be reviewed so that they can prevent all cases of PID. Behavioural change is a key factor in the primary prevention of PID, and potential modifiable risk factors were associated with PID.

    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)452-457
    Number of pages6
    JournalSexually Transmitted Infections
    Volume82
    Issue number6
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished - Dec 2006

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