TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease
AU - Simms, Ian
AU - Stephenson, J. M.
AU - Mallinson, H.
AU - Peeling, R. W.
AU - Thomas, K.
AU - Gokhale, R.
AU - Rogers, P. A.
AU - Hay, P.
AU - Oakeshott, P.
AU - Hopwood, J.
AU - Birley, H.
AU - Hernon, M.
PY - 2006/12
Y1 - 2006/12
N2 - Objective: To investigate factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Methods: A case-control study was used to investigate demographic and behavioural factors, and causative agents associated with PID. Results: A total of 381 participants were recruited: 140 patients, and 105 and 136 controls in tubal ligation and general practice groups, respectively. When compared with a PID-free tubal ligation control group, increased risk of PID was associated with: age <25 years; age at first sexual intercourse <20 years; non-white ethnicity; not having had children; a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease; and exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis. When compared with a general practice control group, increased risk was associated with: age <25 years; age at first sexual intercourse <15 years; lower socioeconomic status; being single; adverse pregnancy outcome; a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease; and exposure to C trachomatis. Of the cases, 64% were not associated with any of the infectious agents measured in this study (idiopathic). Conclusions: A high proportion of cases were idiopathic. PID control strategies, which currently focus on chlamydial screening, have to be reviewed so that they can prevent all cases of PID. Behavioural change is a key factor in the primary prevention of PID, and potential modifiable risk factors were associated with PID.
AB - Objective: To investigate factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Methods: A case-control study was used to investigate demographic and behavioural factors, and causative agents associated with PID. Results: A total of 381 participants were recruited: 140 patients, and 105 and 136 controls in tubal ligation and general practice groups, respectively. When compared with a PID-free tubal ligation control group, increased risk of PID was associated with: age <25 years; age at first sexual intercourse <20 years; non-white ethnicity; not having had children; a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease; and exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis. When compared with a general practice control group, increased risk was associated with: age <25 years; age at first sexual intercourse <15 years; lower socioeconomic status; being single; adverse pregnancy outcome; a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease; and exposure to C trachomatis. Of the cases, 64% were not associated with any of the infectious agents measured in this study (idiopathic). Conclusions: A high proportion of cases were idiopathic. PID control strategies, which currently focus on chlamydial screening, have to be reviewed so that they can prevent all cases of PID. Behavioural change is a key factor in the primary prevention of PID, and potential modifiable risk factors were associated with PID.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33845874345&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1136/sti.2005.019539
DO - 10.1136/sti.2005.019539
M3 - Article
C2 - 16901918
AN - SCOPUS:33845874345
SN - 1368-4973
VL - 82
SP - 452
EP - 457
JO - Sexually Transmitted Infections
JF - Sexually Transmitted Infections
IS - 6
ER -