PM2.5 and NO2 assessment in 21 European study centres of ECRHS II: Annual means and seasonal differences

Marianne E. Hazenkamp-Von Arx; Thomas Götschi; Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich; Roberto Bono; Peter Burney; Josef Cyrys; Deborah Jarvis; Linnea Lillienberg; Christina Luczynska; Jose A. Maldonado; Angeles Jaén; Roberto De Marco; Yahong Mi; Lars Modig; Lucy Bayer-Oglesby; Felix Payo; Argo Soon; Jordi Sunyer; Simona Villani; Joost Weyler; Nino Künzli

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.016

PM_2.5 and NO₂ assessment in 21 European study centres of ECRHS II: Annual means and seasonal differences

Marianne E. Hazenkamp-Von Arx^*, Thomas Götschi, Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich, Roberto Bono, Peter Burney, Josef Cyrys, Deborah Jarvis, Linnea Lillienberg, Christina Luczynska, Jose A. Maldonado, Angeles Jaén, Roberto De Marco, Yahong Mi, Lars Modig, Lucy Bayer-Oglesby, Felix Payo, Argo Soon, Jordi Sunyer, Simona Villani, Joost WeylerNino Künzli

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

65 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The follow-up of cohorts of adults from more than 20 European centres of the former ECRHS I (1989-1992) investigates long-term effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on respiratory health, in particular asthma and change of pulmonary function. Since PM_2.5 is not routinely monitored in Europe, we measured PM_2.5 concentrations in 21 participating centres to estimate 'background' exposure in these cities. Winter (November-February), summer (May-August) and annual mean (all months) values of PM_2.5 were determined from measuring periods between June 2000 and November 2001. Sampling was conducted for 7 days per month for a year. Annual and winter mean concentrations of PM_2.5 vary substantially being lowest in Iceland and highest in centres in Northern Italy. Annual mean concentrations ranged from 3.7 to 44.9μgm^-3, winter mean concentrations from 4.8 to 69.2μgm^-3, and summer mean concentrations from 3.3 to 23.1μgm^-3. Seasonal variability occurred but did not follow the same pattern across all centres. Therefore, ranking of centres varied from summer to winter. Simultaneously, NO₂ concentrations were measured using passive sampling tubes. Annual mean NO₂ concentrations range from 4.9 to 72.1μgm^-3 with similar seasonal variations across centres and constant ranking of centres between seasons. The correlation between annual NO₂ and PM_2.5 concentrations is fair (Spearman correlation coefficient r_s=0.75), but when considered as monthly means the correlation is far less consistent and varies substantially between centres. The range of PM_2.5 mass concentrations obtained in ECRHS II is larger than in other current cohort studies on long-term effects of air pollution. This substantial variation in PM_2.5 exposure will improve statistical power in future multi-level health analyses and to some degree may compensate for the lack of information on within-city variability. Seasonal means may be used to indicate potential differences in the toxicity across the year. Across ECRHS cities annual NO₂ might serve as a surrogate for PM_2.5, especially for past exposure assessment, when PM_2.5 is not available.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1943-1953
Number of pages	11
Journal	Atmospheric Environment
Volume	38
Issue number	13
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.016
Publication status	Published - Apr 2004
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work forms part of the ECRHS II project, funded by the European Commission as part of their Quality of Life Programme, Environment and Health Key Action (Project number: QLK4-CT-1999-01237) and by the Swiss Federal Agency for Education and Science (BBW-No. 99.0200). N. Künzli, head of air pollution unit of ECRHS had a Swiss National Science Foundation Advanced Scientist Fellowship (PROSPER 32-048922.96), now supported by the NIEHS Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center P30 ES07048-06. The authors wish to thank the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, the Vlaamse Milieu Maatschappij (Dr. E. Roekens), the Icelandic Research Council and The National University Hospital Science Fund, the local authorities, and other foundations for their financial support for the equipment.

Keywords

Air pollution
Air quality
Epidemiology
Exposure assessment
Particle
Traffic

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.016

Cite this

Hazenkamp-Von Arx, M. E., Götschi, T., Ackermann-Liebrich, U., Bono, R., Burney, P., Cyrys, J., Jarvis, D., Lillienberg, L., Luczynska, C., Maldonado, J. A., Jaén, A., De Marco, R., Mi, Y., Modig, L., Bayer-Oglesby, L., Payo, F., Soon, A., Sunyer, J., Villani, S., ... Künzli, N. (2004). PM_2.5 and NO₂ assessment in 21 European study centres of ECRHS II: Annual means and seasonal differences. Atmospheric Environment, 38(13), 1943-1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.016

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title = "PM2.5 and NO2 assessment in 21 European study centres of ECRHS II: Annual means and seasonal differences",

abstract = "The follow-up of cohorts of adults from more than 20 European centres of the former ECRHS I (1989-1992) investigates long-term effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on respiratory health, in particular asthma and change of pulmonary function. Since PM2.5 is not routinely monitored in Europe, we measured PM2.5 concentrations in 21 participating centres to estimate 'background' exposure in these cities. Winter (November-February), summer (May-August) and annual mean (all months) values of PM2.5 were determined from measuring periods between June 2000 and November 2001. Sampling was conducted for 7 days per month for a year. Annual and winter mean concentrations of PM2.5 vary substantially being lowest in Iceland and highest in centres in Northern Italy. Annual mean concentrations ranged from 3.7 to 44.9μgm-3, winter mean concentrations from 4.8 to 69.2μgm-3, and summer mean concentrations from 3.3 to 23.1μgm-3. Seasonal variability occurred but did not follow the same pattern across all centres. Therefore, ranking of centres varied from summer to winter. Simultaneously, NO2 concentrations were measured using passive sampling tubes. Annual mean NO2 concentrations range from 4.9 to 72.1μgm-3 with similar seasonal variations across centres and constant ranking of centres between seasons. The correlation between annual NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations is fair (Spearman correlation coefficient rs=0.75), but when considered as monthly means the correlation is far less consistent and varies substantially between centres. The range of PM2.5 mass concentrations obtained in ECRHS II is larger than in other current cohort studies on long-term effects of air pollution. This substantial variation in PM2.5 exposure will improve statistical power in future multi-level health analyses and to some degree may compensate for the lack of information on within-city variability. Seasonal means may be used to indicate potential differences in the toxicity across the year. Across ECRHS cities annual NO2 might serve as a surrogate for PM2.5, especially for past exposure assessment, when PM2.5 is not available.",

keywords = "Air pollution, Air quality, Epidemiology, Exposure assessment, Particle, Traffic",

author = "{Hazenkamp-Von Arx}, {Marianne E.} and Thomas G{\"o}tschi and Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich and Roberto Bono and Peter Burney and Josef Cyrys and Deborah Jarvis and Linnea Lillienberg and Christina Luczynska and Maldonado, {Jose A.} and Angeles Ja{\'e}n and {De Marco}, Roberto and Yahong Mi and Lars Modig and Lucy Bayer-Oglesby and Felix Payo and Argo Soon and Jordi Sunyer and Simona Villani and Joost Weyler and Nino K{\"u}nzli",

note = "Funding Information: This work forms part of the ECRHS II project, funded by the European Commission as part of their Quality of Life Programme, Environment and Health Key Action (Project number: QLK4-CT-1999-01237) and by the Swiss Federal Agency for Education and Science (BBW-No. 99.0200). N. K{\"u}nzli, head of air pollution unit of ECRHS had a Swiss National Science Foundation Advanced Scientist Fellowship (PROSPER 32-048922.96), now supported by the NIEHS Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center P30 ES07048-06. The authors wish to thank the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, the Vlaamse Milieu Maatschappij (Dr. E. Roekens), the Icelandic Research Council and The National University Hospital Science Fund, the local authorities, and other foundations for their financial support for the equipment.",

year = "2004",

month = apr,

doi = "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.016",

language = "English",

volume = "38",

pages = "1943--1953",

journal = "Atmospheric Environment",

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publisher = "Elsevier",

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Hazenkamp-Von Arx, ME, Götschi, T, Ackermann-Liebrich, U, Bono, R, Burney, P, Cyrys, J, Jarvis, D, Lillienberg, L, Luczynska, C, Maldonado, JA, Jaén, A, De Marco, R, Mi, Y, Modig, L, Bayer-Oglesby, L, Payo, F, Soon, A, Sunyer, J, Villani, S, Weyler, J & Künzli, N 2004, 'PM_2.5 and NO₂ assessment in 21 European study centres of ECRHS II: Annual means and seasonal differences', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 38, no. 13, pp. 1943-1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.016

TY - JOUR

T1 - PM2.5 and NO2 assessment in 21 European study centres of ECRHS II

T2 - Annual means and seasonal differences

AU - Hazenkamp-Von Arx, Marianne E.

AU - Götschi, Thomas

AU - Ackermann-Liebrich, Ursula

AU - Bono, Roberto

AU - Burney, Peter

AU - Cyrys, Josef

AU - Jarvis, Deborah

AU - Lillienberg, Linnea

AU - Luczynska, Christina

AU - Maldonado, Jose A.

AU - Jaén, Angeles

AU - De Marco, Roberto

AU - Mi, Yahong

AU - Modig, Lars

AU - Bayer-Oglesby, Lucy

AU - Payo, Felix

AU - Soon, Argo

AU - Sunyer, Jordi

AU - Villani, Simona

AU - Weyler, Joost

AU - Künzli, Nino

N1 - Funding Information: This work forms part of the ECRHS II project, funded by the European Commission as part of their Quality of Life Programme, Environment and Health Key Action (Project number: QLK4-CT-1999-01237) and by the Swiss Federal Agency for Education and Science (BBW-No. 99.0200). N. Künzli, head of air pollution unit of ECRHS had a Swiss National Science Foundation Advanced Scientist Fellowship (PROSPER 32-048922.96), now supported by the NIEHS Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center P30 ES07048-06. The authors wish to thank the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, the Vlaamse Milieu Maatschappij (Dr. E. Roekens), the Icelandic Research Council and The National University Hospital Science Fund, the local authorities, and other foundations for their financial support for the equipment.

PY - 2004/4

Y1 - 2004/4

N2 - The follow-up of cohorts of adults from more than 20 European centres of the former ECRHS I (1989-1992) investigates long-term effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on respiratory health, in particular asthma and change of pulmonary function. Since PM2.5 is not routinely monitored in Europe, we measured PM2.5 concentrations in 21 participating centres to estimate 'background' exposure in these cities. Winter (November-February), summer (May-August) and annual mean (all months) values of PM2.5 were determined from measuring periods between June 2000 and November 2001. Sampling was conducted for 7 days per month for a year. Annual and winter mean concentrations of PM2.5 vary substantially being lowest in Iceland and highest in centres in Northern Italy. Annual mean concentrations ranged from 3.7 to 44.9μgm-3, winter mean concentrations from 4.8 to 69.2μgm-3, and summer mean concentrations from 3.3 to 23.1μgm-3. Seasonal variability occurred but did not follow the same pattern across all centres. Therefore, ranking of centres varied from summer to winter. Simultaneously, NO2 concentrations were measured using passive sampling tubes. Annual mean NO2 concentrations range from 4.9 to 72.1μgm-3 with similar seasonal variations across centres and constant ranking of centres between seasons. The correlation between annual NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations is fair (Spearman correlation coefficient rs=0.75), but when considered as monthly means the correlation is far less consistent and varies substantially between centres. The range of PM2.5 mass concentrations obtained in ECRHS II is larger than in other current cohort studies on long-term effects of air pollution. This substantial variation in PM2.5 exposure will improve statistical power in future multi-level health analyses and to some degree may compensate for the lack of information on within-city variability. Seasonal means may be used to indicate potential differences in the toxicity across the year. Across ECRHS cities annual NO2 might serve as a surrogate for PM2.5, especially for past exposure assessment, when PM2.5 is not available.

AB - The follow-up of cohorts of adults from more than 20 European centres of the former ECRHS I (1989-1992) investigates long-term effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on respiratory health, in particular asthma and change of pulmonary function. Since PM2.5 is not routinely monitored in Europe, we measured PM2.5 concentrations in 21 participating centres to estimate 'background' exposure in these cities. Winter (November-February), summer (May-August) and annual mean (all months) values of PM2.5 were determined from measuring periods between June 2000 and November 2001. Sampling was conducted for 7 days per month for a year. Annual and winter mean concentrations of PM2.5 vary substantially being lowest in Iceland and highest in centres in Northern Italy. Annual mean concentrations ranged from 3.7 to 44.9μgm-3, winter mean concentrations from 4.8 to 69.2μgm-3, and summer mean concentrations from 3.3 to 23.1μgm-3. Seasonal variability occurred but did not follow the same pattern across all centres. Therefore, ranking of centres varied from summer to winter. Simultaneously, NO2 concentrations were measured using passive sampling tubes. Annual mean NO2 concentrations range from 4.9 to 72.1μgm-3 with similar seasonal variations across centres and constant ranking of centres between seasons. The correlation between annual NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations is fair (Spearman correlation coefficient rs=0.75), but when considered as monthly means the correlation is far less consistent and varies substantially between centres. The range of PM2.5 mass concentrations obtained in ECRHS II is larger than in other current cohort studies on long-term effects of air pollution. This substantial variation in PM2.5 exposure will improve statistical power in future multi-level health analyses and to some degree may compensate for the lack of information on within-city variability. Seasonal means may be used to indicate potential differences in the toxicity across the year. Across ECRHS cities annual NO2 might serve as a surrogate for PM2.5, especially for past exposure assessment, when PM2.5 is not available.

KW - Air pollution

KW - Air quality

KW - Epidemiology

KW - Exposure assessment

KW - Particle

KW - Traffic

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