Evaluation of psychology-based training for improving interoperability in the emergency services: A comparison of online and in-person delivery methods

Recent research highlights the importance of incorporating psychological perspectives to improve interoperability in multi-agency emergency response in order to address persistent challenges and prevent future issues. To address this, we developed a psychology-based training programme grounded in the Social Identity Approach. Its effectiveness and optimal delivery method were evaluated with 65 emergency responders from UK Police (N = 8), Fire and Rescue (N = 12), and Ambulance (N = 45) Services. Participants completed the training either online (N = 28) or in-person (N = 37), with follow-up interviews conducted with seven of the online participants. In terms of participant satisfaction, the training was positively received and recommended by participants. They valued the psychological elements but stressed the need for accessible presentation. Interviewees preferred in-person training, but survey data showed no difference in participant satisfaction between delivery methods. In terms of knowledge gain, both delivery methods increased confidence in multi-agency teamwork, though in-person training better enhanced knowledge of specific collaborative actions. Participants highlighted the importance of understanding responders’ motivations, especially regarding mandatory training. This evaluation offers valuable insights into the design and delivery of effective emergency service training and demonstrates how integrating psychological theory can support better interoperability in multi-agency contexts. Practical implications are discussed.