Can the Adverse Health Effects of Flicker from LEDs and Other Artificial Lighting Be Prevented?

There are known problems with the various means by which flicker is quantified. None of the established metrics reliably provides the extent of the health effects of being exposed to flicker. In particular, the two main metrics take no account of frequency, although there are a variety of effects caused by different frequencies of flicker. A metric dependent on flicker frequency, combining the advantages of the percentage flicker and flicker index metrics without their disadvantages, would clearly be useful. An easy-to-calculate solution is presented and used to compare the flicker produced by samples of domestic LEDs and other lighting technologies.